The Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (CTQ)66

The CTQ is widely used to assess the history of childhood maltreatment⁶⁶. The commonly used 28-item version of CTQ includes 25 clinical items and 3 validity items. The 25 items load onto 5 subscales that assess different types of childhood maltreatment, including emotional abuse, physical abuse, sexual abuse, emotional neglect, and physical neglect. All items are rated on a 5-point scale ranging from 1 to 5, with higher scores indicating more severe maltreatment. Cutoff scores for each subscale are defined in the manual of the CTQ⁶⁷; the cutoff scores distinguishing between “none”/“low” for emotional abuse, physical abuse, sexual abuse, emotional neglect, and physical neglect are 8/9, 7/8, 5/6, 9/10, and 7/8, respectively. Cronbach α coefficients of the five CTQ subscales, i.e., emotional abuse, physical abuse, sexual abuse, emotional neglect, and physical neglect, in the present sample, were 0.84, 0.54, 0.56, 0.89, and 0.27, respectively.