2.1. Patients, samples collection, and clinical manifestations

The clean morning spot urine samples were collected from total 19 JSLE‐LN patients (nine inactive JSLE‐LN and 10 active JSLE‐LN) and nine healthy controls. All subjects were enrolled in the Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center according to the disease activity as reflected by the SLE Disease Activity Index (SLEDAI)‐2K, serum levels of anti‐nuclear antibody (ANA) and anti‐double stranded DNA (anti‐dsDNA) antibody. The written informed consents were obtained from all subjects according to the Declaration of Helsinki. The protocol was approved by the Ethics Committee of Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center. Patients’ information regarding demographic characteristics, clinical parameters, serological profiles, and medications were retrieved from medical records. Therefore, the association between the DEPs and clinical parameters of JSLE‐LN patients were determined.