To perform DAPI staining and flow cytometry analysis49, overnight culture of E. coli BL21(DE3) containing the pET28a plasmid or its derivatives expressing Tce1 alone (pET28a-tce1) or Tce1-Tci1 together (pET28a-tce1-tci1) were diluted 100-fold into LB broth and incubated at 26 °C with 180 rpm shaking. After incubated at 26 °C for 2 h, the expression of toxin and immunity genes was induced by addition of 0.5 mM IPTG and continue cultivation for 4 h at 26 °C. Collected cells were washed with PBS, fixed, incubated for 5 min in PBS with 0.3% Triton X-100 stained using 10 μg ml−1 DAPI for 30 min at 37 °C (Solarbio, China), then washed three times with PBS and detected by fluorescence microscope (Andor Revolution-XD, Britain) or flow cytometry (Beckman, CytoFLEX). Twenty-thousand cells were gathered for each sample and analyzed by FlowJo_V10.
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