2.8. Transwell assay

Transwell assay was conducted to measure the ability of cell migration. Around 100 μL serum-free medium containing cells (1 × 10⁶ cells/mL) were planted into the upper chamber with a pore size of 8 μm (Corning, Corning, NY, US), meanwhile, 800 μL medium containing 10% FBS was added in the lower chamber. After 48 hours, migrated cells were fixed with paraformaldehyde and stained with crystal violet (Beyotime, CN), then counted with Image‐pro Plus 6.0 software under 40× magnification (five views per well). The experiments were performed in triplicate and repeated 3 times.