The JSE (HP-Version) is a self-reporting instrument developed to measure empathy specifically in physicians and health professionals [26]. Ample evidence has supported the reliability and validity of the JSE for students and healthcare professionals [27]. The JSE is an extensively used instrument that has been translated into 43 languages and used in over 60 countries [28]. The psychometric properties of its Japanese version have also been reported [29]. The internal consistency of the JSE for this study’s population was good; Cronbach’s alpha at the beginning and end of the training were 0.78 and 0.86, respectively.
The JSE consists of 20 items, each rated on a seven-point Likert-type scale (1 = strongly disagree, 7 = strongly agree), with possible total scores ranging from 20 to 140. Half of the items are reverse scored, so that an overall higher score shows a more empathic orientation toward patient care.
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