To induce differentiation of THP-1 monocytes into M1 macrophages, THP-1 cells were stimulated by 160 nM phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (Sigma-Aldrich) for 48 h. The medium was replaced by DMEM supplemented with 0.1% FBS, control hMSC-CM, or IFN-γ hMSC-CM. After 48 h, the cells were collected and subjected to western blot analysis of CD163 and CD68.
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