Converting optical properties into heating

In order to provide a direct comparison between calculation results and experimental data, we used the theoretical per-particle optical properties to predict the heat generation rate (Q) of the GNS solutions in the experimental conditions. The bulk solutions’ optical properties are predicted as:

where µ_t, µ_a, and µ_s are bulk solution’s extinction, absorption, and scattering coefficients, respectively; and N is the experimentally estimated concentration of the GNS in the laser calorimetry experiment. The predicted heat generation of the GNS solution in the cuvette can be calculated as

Ploss is the predicted laser power loss through the GNS solutions in the cuvette. It is calculated by

where P_in is the experimental inlet laser power and L is the light path length through the solution (1 cm). In short, according to the DDA predicted photothermal efficiency (η) and other parameters, we can calculate the predicted but still experimentally informed heat generation (Q) of the 1 mL GNS solution, mimicking the laser calorimetry experiment.