2.1. Chemicals and Equipment

Methanol (CH₃OH) was purchased from RCI Labscan, Thailand. Gallic acid monohydrate (C₇H₆O₅·H₂O) and sodium carbonate anhydrous (Na₂CO₃) were purchased from Riedel-de Haën, Germany. Folin-Ciocalteu's phenol reagent and ethanol (C₂H₅OH) were purchased from Merck, Germany. Thiazolyl Blue Tetrazolium Bromide (MTT), allantoin, 2′,7′-dichlorofluorescin diacetate, quercetin (C₁₅H₁₀O₇), aluminum chloride (AlCl₃), potassium acetate (CH₃CO₂K), ferrous sulfate heptahydrate (FeSO₄·7H₂O), and 3-(2-pyridyl)-3,0-diphenyl-1,2,4-triazine-4-4′-disulfonic acid sodium salt (C₂₀H₁₃N₄NaO₆S₂) were purchased from Sigma Chemical Company, USA. Dulbecco's modified Eagle medium (DMEM), heat-inactivated FBS, Non-Essential Amino Acids Solution (100x), and 0.25% trypsin-EDTA were purchased from Gibco, USA. Hydrogen peroxide and non-essential amino acid were purchased from Merck, USA. The scratch wound healing images were taken under an inverted microscope (Olympus, Japan), and the DCFH-DA assay was taken under a confocal fluorescent microscope (Olympus, Japan). The absorbance and fluorescence were evaluated with a microplate reader (BioTek Instruments, USA).