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The Ka/Ks ratio of homologous gene pairs was used to determine whether they were under selection. Ta–Ta (T. aestivum–T. aestivum) gene pairs were treated as paralogs and Ta–Os (T. aestivum–O. sativa) pairs as orthologs. When Ka/Ks is greater than one, genes are subject to positive selection. A Ka/Ks of one implies neutral selection, and a Ka/Ks less than one indicates purifying selection. TBtools software was used to calculate Ka/Ks ratios and to estimate divergence times (T) according to T=Ks/(2× 9.1× 10− 9) Mya [33].
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