Calcium deposition of the hDPSCs in the modular structure was assessed by the alizarin red S staining after 21 days. Shortly, the microcapsules were removed from the flask and washed three times by the HEPES buffer and fixed by 3.6% (v/v) formaldehyde solution for 15 min at 25 °C. 2% alizarin red liquid (pH: 4.1–4.3) was then poured over the samples in a dark place and maintained for 15 min. Finally, the stained microcapsules were washed by the deionized water several times and examined under the microscope. ImageJ software 1.52n version was used to analyzing quantitatively the intensity of the stained microcapsules.
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