Muscle mass was measured using a bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) machine (MC780A, TANITA, Japan). Appendicular skeletal muscle mass (ASM) was calculated as the sum of skeletal muscle mass of the arms and legs. Skeletal muscle mass index (SMI) was defined as ASM divided by height in meters squared (ASM/height2)1. SMI of < 7.0 kg/m2 in males and < 5.7 kg/m2 in females was defined as a low muscle mass.
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