To assess mothers’ listening attitude, we used the ALAS developed by Mishima et al. [20]. The ALAS comprises two subscales and 20 items: listening attitude (10 items) and listening skills (10 items). Each item was scored from 0 to 3. The higher the score, the better the listening attitude or skill. We obtained the authors’ permission to use this scale. The Cronbach’s α of this study was α = .855.
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