Alanine aminotransferase (ALT) activity in the cell culture supernatant and mouse serum was measured using ALT Activity Assay Kit (ab105134, Abcam). Cellular and liver glutathione (GSH) levels were measured using Glutathione Colorimetric Detection Kit (EIAGSHC, Thermo Fisher). Total hydroxyproline content in mouse livers was measured using Quickzyme Total Collagen assay kit (QZBtotco15, Quickzyme Biosciences). The levels of triglycerides in hepatocyte lysates and in mouse serum and livers were measured using Triglyceride Assay Kit (ab65336, Abcam). Mouse serum levels of aspartate aminotransferase (AST), cholesterol, and β-hydroxybutyrate were measured using AST Assay Kit (ab105135, Abcam), Cholesterol Assay Kit (ab65390; Abcam), and beta-hydroxybutyrate (Ketone body) Colorimetric Assay Kit (700190; Cayman Chemicals), respectively. All colorimetric assays were performed according to the manufacturer’s protocol.
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