Considering the array of available risk of bias tools [111–113], we will use study design–specific tools that we believe best account for potential sources of bias [102, 114–118]. The planned methods are described in detail in Supplemental File 3. For all KQs, we will develop standard forms in Excel to guide risk of bias appraisal. We will pilot test the forms on 3 to 5 included studies for each KQ to ensure a mutual understanding of the requirements of each tool. We will report domain-specific risk of bias ratings for each included study, with justification for each rating, in an appendix to the final report. Two reviewers will independently appraise the risk of bias of each included study and reach consensus. A third reviewer will be consulted if an agreement cannot be reached. We will extract and use risk of bias appraisals reported in available systematic reviews where possible, to create efficiencies.
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