In vivo metabolic phenotyping.

Mice were housed individually in a Comprehensive Lab Animal Monitoring System (CLAMS) (Columbus Instruments) under 12-hour light/12-hour dark conditions for 5 consecutive days. Experimental data were obtained for 3 light/dark cycles after 2 days of adaptation period. The rate of O₂ (VO₂) and CO₂ consumption, respiratory-exchange ratio, heat production, and locomotor activity of each mouse was recorded every 15 minutes sequentially and the mean/hour is presented. Data acquisition and analysis were performed with the Oxymax (Columbus Instruments) and GraphPad Prism software.