RNA isolation and qRT-PCR analysis

Total RNA was isolated from cells with the RNeasy Mini Kit (Qiagen, 74106). Complementary DNA (cDNA) was synthesized with PrimeScript Reverse Transcriptase (TakaraBio, RR047A) according to the manufacturer’s protocol. All quantitative real-time PCRs (qRT-PCRs) were performed with a ViiA 7 Real-Time PCR System and Quanti Studio 3 (Applied Biosystems) using PowerUp SYBR Green Master Mix (Applied Biosystems, A25742) and custom-designed primers in a final volume of 10 μl. Cycling conditions were 98°C for 2 min, followed by 40 cycles of 98°C for 10 s and 60°C for 30 s. Relative expression of target genes was measured using the comparative ΔΔC_t method, and human ACTB was used as internal control. The sequences of the qRT-PCR primers are listed in table S1.