Cell proliferation assay

Cell proliferation was determined using a Cell Counting Kit (CCK)-8 assay (Dojindo Molecular Technologies, Inc.) in accordance with the manufacturer's protocol. To conduct this experiment, 5×10³ cells were seeded in 96-well dishes and cultured in 100 µl DMEM medium at 37°C. After 12 h, 10 µl CCK-8 solution was added to each well and incubated for 1 h at 37°C. Absorbance was then measured with a multifunctional microplate reader at 450 nm. The assays were independently repeated ≥3 times.