Antibodies used in this study were F4/80 (Cat. MCA497G, Lot 1806, Bio-Rad, Hercules, CA, USA; 1:200) and glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase (Cat. 100118, Lot 42928, GeneTex; 1:5,000). All other antibodies came from Cell Signaling (1:2000), including p-TBK1 (Cat. 5483, Lot 11), TBK1 (Cat. 3504, Lot 4), p-IRF3 (Cat. 29047, Lot 4), IRF3 (Cat. 4302, Lot 4), p-IKKε (Cat. 8766, Lot 3), p-IKKα/β (Cat. 2697, Lot 16), IKKα (Cat. 27609), p-IκBα (Cat. 2859, Lot 18), IκBα (Cat. 4814, Lot 17). LPS, poly(I:C) and Pam3CSK4 were obtained from Invivogen. PGG, methyl gallate, gallic acid, paeoniflorin, and paeonol were purchased from Sigma (Sigma-Aldrich).
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