Participants

We utilized five waves of data from 2011–2015. Race and ethnicity were self-reported at baseline and dummy-coded as non-Hispanic White (NHW), non-Hispanic Black (NHB), or Hispanic of any race; reference: NHW.

Our final sample consisted of 9,411 individuals in the US after applying the following exclusion criteria at baseline: probable dementia following procedures outlined by Kasper et al²⁴ (n=2,045), residing in a nursing home (n=468), and self-reported race and ethnicity other than NHW, NHB, or Hispanic (n=503).