Blood for the serum was collected in tubes; the serum was then separated, and blood for the plasma was collected in ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) tubes; the plasma was then separated and then samples for IS were frozen in plastic tubes at − 80 °C until analysis. We measured IS levels by internal-surface reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), with a HPLC system (Shimadzu, Kyoto, Japan), as previously described29. The Japanese-specific eGFR was calculated as follows: [194 × Serum creatinine−1.094 × Age−0.287 × (0.739 for females)]18.
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