Transwell assays were used to determine cell migration. After pretreatment of apatinib for 4 hours, VSMCs were seeded into the upper chambers, 500 μL DMEM with 10% FBS and PDGF‐BB (30 ng/mL) was placed into the lower chamber. 12 hours later, the migrated cells in the lower chamber were fixed with 4% formaldehyde for 20 minutes and then stained with 0.1% crystal violet for another 20 minutes. The migrated cells were photographed using Olympus cellSens Entry.
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