The free drug and nanoparticles were separated through centrifugal ultrafiltration using Amicon® Ultra-15 centrifugal filters. Briefly, 15 mL of fresh nanoparticles was loaded into the filter device and centrifuged at 4000× g for 20 min. The filtrate containing solely free drug was collected for HPLC assay, while the concentrate was freeze-dried. The freeze-dried powders were weighed and dissolved in an organic solvent for HPLC assay of the drug content in the nanoparticle. The drug loading (DL) and encapsulation efficiency (EE) were calculated using the following equations [20]:
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