Hyperinsulinemic‐euglycemic clamp

The hyperinsulinemic‐euglycemic clamp experiment was carried out by double caudal venipuncture without anesthesia. For the HEC, the GK rats were fasted for 6 h, and a 2‐h HEC procedure was carried out. The rate of primed continuous infusion of insulin was 0.6 U/kg/h, and a variable infusion of 25% dextrose was used to adjust the plasma glucose concentration at the basal level. The steady‐state clamp period was 80–120 min. The glucose infusion rate was used as a measure of insulin sensitivity.