2.1. Subjects, Questionnaire, and Anthropometric Measurements

Forty-six children who were 5-13 years of age were enrolled in the study at Hallym University Kangnam Sacred Heart Hospital from December 2017 to March 2018 ({"type":"clinical-trial","attrs":{"text":"NCT03388411","term_id":"NCT03388411"}}NCT03388411). This study protocol was approved by the Institutional Review Board of the Hallym University Kangnam Sacred Heart Hospital (2017-09-015). Written informed consent was obtained from all subjects of the study and their parents, in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki. Based on the 2017 Korean growth chart [13], subjects with a body mass index (BMI) ≥ 95th percentile were classified as the obese group, and subjects with 5th percentile < BMI < 85th percentile were classified as the normal-weight group. For a month prior to the stool sampling, none of the subjects had taken antibiotics/probiotics/steroids or had diarrhea. None of the subjects had acute infections or chronic disease. Subjects completed questionnaires on lifestyle, bowel habits, and dietary intake and submitted them at the hospital visit. Anthropometric measurements, including height, weight, waist circumference, midarm circumference, hip circumference, thigh circumference, and blood pressure, were performed by professionally trained personnel [14, 15]. Body composition analysis including skeletal muscle mass and total body fat content was measured using the inBody 770 analyzer (Biospace Co. Ltd., Seoul, Korea).