4.7. Carrageenan-Induced Paw Edema Test

The anti-inflammatory activity of the compounds was determined using the carrageenan-induced edema test, as described by Winter et al. [32]. Mice were administered with vehicle, indomethacin, or one of four different doses of curcumin or CurDG. After one hour, the mice were injected subcutaneously onto the plantar surface of the left hind paw with 1% λ-carrageenan in saline (50 µL/paw). The paw volume was determined at 0 h (volume of the paw before carrageenan injection, V₀) and at 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6 h after carrageenan injection (V_t) using a plethysmometer (Model 7150, UGO Basile, Gemonio, VA, Italy). The paw edema was determined as the average increase in the paw volume compared to the control group, calculated according to the following formula [33]:

The anti-inflammatory effects of the compounds were determined as a percentage of inhibition of the paw edema in the treatment groups in comparison to the carrageenan control group [24]: