Human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) were used in this study. The cells were cultured in DMEM supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum and 1% penicillin-streptomycin at 37 °C with air containing 5% CO2. Hypoxic challenge was achieved with a gas mixture containing 1% O2, 5% CO2, and 94% N2 for 12 h in a hypoxic chamber (Billups-Rothenberg, Del Mar, CA, USA) with or without propofol up to 150 μmol/L for 4 h, and then recovered in the DMEM for further analysis.
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