Formate extracted from plant materials or collected from root exudates were filtered (0.22 μm) before analysis. Formate was detected by an ion chromatography apparatus (ICS 3000; Dionex, Sunnyvale, CA) equipped with a model no. AS11 IonPac anion-exchange analytical column (4 × 250 mm; Dionex) and a guard column (4 × 50 mm). The mobile phase was deionized water at a flow rate of 1.0 ml min−1.
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