Case Selection

The electronic medical record database was queried for dogs that had been presented to the UC Davis Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital for evaluation and treatment following CMF trauma between the years 2008–2018. All dogs had undergone computed tomography (conventional and/or cone-beam CT [CBCT]) at the initial visit. Exclusion criteria were as follows: trauma that occurred >1 week prior to presentation, dogs with CT scan slice thickness of >1.3 mm, and dogs for whom either the medical record or CT study were incomplete (e.g., the caudal-most portion of the skull had been left out of the study). Cases were excluded if the trauma occurred >7 days prior to presentation due to concern that: (a) early signs of fracture repair and boney remodeling may make fracture identification more difficult, and (b) further displacement may have occurred since the trauma. Exclusion of cases if the slice thickness was >1.3 mm was chosen as a compromise between maximizing the number of cases that were included in the study while simultaneously ensuring that slice thickness was not so large that small or incomplete fractures could be missed.