For cell invasion analysis, transwell assay was performed in this study. The upper chamber is pre-treated with 100 μL of Matrigel. GBC-SD cells were seeded into the upper chamber in media with 1% FBS, and the density was adjusted to about 1.0×106 cells per chamber. DMEM with 10% FBS was added in the lower chamber. After 48 h of incubation at 37°C, the non-invading cells in the upper chamber were removed with a cotton swab. Then, cells in the lower chamber were stained with 0.1% crystal violet and counted at 3 different fields under a microscope (LEICADMLB2, Frankfurt, Germany).
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