Rats were placed individually on a hot plate analgesia meter (Columbus instruments, USA) maintained at a constant temperature of 55 ± 0.1 °C after observing them for 5 min in the cage [24]. The paw withdrawal latency (PWL) was recorded as the time taken to exhibit distinct pain behaviour either by hindpaw licking or hindpaw flicks (whichever occurred first). Rats that did not respond within 30 s were removed from the hot plate to prevent tissue damage [25].
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