Human Bone Marrow‐Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells (MSC)

Human bone marrow‐derived MSCs were obtained from the Texas A&M Health Science Centre College of Medicine, Institute for Regenerative Medicine (Temple, Texas, US), a NIH repository. The cells met all the criteria for the classification as MSCs as defined by the International Society of Cellular Therapy 29. For inhibitor experiments using Cytochalasin B (Sigma‐Aldrich, Dorset, UK, www.sigmaaldrich.com), cells were incubated in complete α‐MEM supplemented with 1% Fetal Calf Serum (FCS) and 500 nM of inhibitor for 1.5–2 hours 5% CO₂ and 37°C. Cells were then washed three times with Dulbecco's phosphate buffered saline (DPBS) prior to in vitro and in vivo studies.