Loss of mitochondrial membrane potential over time was visualized using MitoTracker Red (Molecular Probes) or the reversible cationic dye tetramethylrhodamine ethyl ester (TMRE) (Molecular Probes). Details are provided in Text S1. Cells were imaged by DIC microscopy and by the use of the DsRed (MitoTracker Red) or TexasRed (TMRE) channel on a Zeiss Axio Imager.MI microscope, with the exposure time remaining constant between samples. For the MitoTracker Red-treated cells, brightness was also quantified on a CytoFlex flow cytometer (Beckman).
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