2.2. Cell culture

The CTX-TNA astrocyte cell line was obtained from the American Type Culture Collection (ATCC), which is derived from the cerebral cortex of healthy newborn SD rats and retained the typical features of type I astrocytes. The cells were cultured using DMEM (Dulbecco’s Modified Eagle Medium, Gibco, Carlsbad, CA, USA) complete medium with 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS, Invitrogen, Carlsbad, USA), 100 U/ml penicillin and streptomycin and treated with 10 ng/mL of IL-1β (PeproTech, USA) for 24 h.