Generation of Tissue Homogenates.

Tissue homogenates were prepared as described previously.²² Frozen liver tissue samples were weighed and rinsed three times with ice-cold phosphate-buffered saline. Ice-cold lysis buffer (3 μL/mg of tissue) was added to each sample. Tissue samples were then homogenized using a hand-held homogenizer (Omni, TH115-PCRH) with disposable, hard tissue tips (Omni, 30750H). Samples were incubated on ice for 15 min followed by centrifugation at 4 °C for 5 min. The soluble fraction of each homogenate was aliquoted, flash-frozen in liquid nitrogen, and stored at −80 °C. The total protein content in each sample was determined using the Bio-Rad Protein Assay Kit (Bio-Rad, 5000001) according to the manufacturer’s protocol.