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Inclusion criteria were as follows: patients with diaphyseal nonunions of long bones (humerus, radius, ulna, femur, and tibia) were included in the study. There had to be a precedent medical indication for LIPUS therapy. Exclusion criteria were advanced liver disease, chronic inflammatory diseases, malignancy, as well as long-term medication with immunosuppressive drugs, which can influence cytokine levels.
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