Single cell experiments were imaged under temperature control for up to 4 h. Images were analysis using the manual-tracking tool in ImageJ (FIJI). Displacement toward the cathode was calculated by taking the scalar projection (|A| cos θ) of each segment length (|A|) where θ is the angle between cell’s path vector (A) and the electrical field line aligned toward the cathode (y = 0 for x > 0). Displacement magnitudes are then normalized by the duration between the initial and final time points for each segment and reported as an average of all segments for a given cell.
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