Animals

Eighteen rhesus monkeys with spontaneous T2DM (11 to 19 years old, with 1- to 5-year duration of T2DM) and nine healthy control (HC) rhesus monkeys matched for gender, age, and weight were studied. The criteria used for rhesus monkey selection were guided by our previous work [17] and required a fasting plasma glucose (FPG) level of 5.5 mmol/L or more and a glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) level of 4.5% or more [16, 18]. None of the monkeys had a history of medical treatment. All rhesus monkeys used in this study were provided by Sichuan Primed Bio-Tech Co., Ltd. (Sichuan, China). The monkeys were maintained in accordance with the requirements of the National Institutes of Health Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals and the Association for Assessment and Accreditation of Laboratory Animal Care. All experimental protocols were reviewed and approved by the Experimental Animal Ethics Committee of West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041(Institutional approved number 2015065A) and by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee of Sichuan Primed Group Co., Ltd.

The general condition and related blood biochemical indicators of all monkeys are shown in Table ​Table1.1. Information about animal preparation before echocardiographic and CMR examination can be found in the supplements.

Basic characteristics

Values are given as mean ± standard deviation, N (%), or median (Q1–Q3)

p value was the results of one-way analysis of variance (for normally distributed date) or Kruskal-Wallis H test (for non-normally distributed date). ALT, glutamic-pyruvic transaminase; AST, glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase; BUN, blood urea nitrogen; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; FPG, fasting plasma glucose; FRA, fructosamine; GGT, gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase; HbA1c, glycated hemoglobin; HDL-c, serum high-density lipoprotein; LDL-c, serum low-density lipoprotein; SBP, systolic blood pressure; Scr, serum creatinine; TC, serum total cholesterol; TG, serum triglyceride; Q, quartile

*Compared between three groups

^‡p < 0.05 compared with group 1 (according to the results of Fisher’s least significant difference test and Student-Newman-Keuls test or Dunn-Bonferroni test for post hoc analysis)