Oxygen-Glucose Deprivation/Reperfusion (OGD/R) Model

PC12 cells were washed with PBS twice and cultured in Earle’s balanced salt solution (116 mM NaCl, 5.4 mM KCl, 0.8 mM MgSO₄, 1 mM NaH₂PO₄, and 0.9 mM CaCl₂) in an oxygen-free incubator (95% N₂ and 5% CO₂) for 4 h. Following this OGD incubation, the cells were returned to full culture medium under normoxic conditions for 2 and 24 h, respectively. Control cells were incubated in a regular cell culture incubator under normoxic conditions for the same duration.