For apoptosis analysis, 5 × 105 cells (including RK13, Hela, and HepG2 cells) were seeded onto plates and transfected with recombinant plasmids (including pcDNA3.1-NSP6 and mutants) or empty vector for 24 h. The cells were then washed with PBS and resuspended in 100 μL binding buffer supplemented with 5 μL annexin V (10 μg/mL) and 5 μL propidium iodide (PI) (20 μg/mg) for 10 min in the dark. Next, 400 μL binding buffer was added, and the samples were immediately screened using flow cytometry to assess annexin V staining and permeability.
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