GBC cells were added into 96-well plates at a density of 2×103 cells/well and cultured overnight at 37°C and 5% CO2. Subsequently, different concentrations of PD (0, 5, 10, 15, 20 and 25 µmol/l) were added to each well, and the cells were cultured for 24, 48 or 72 h, separately. MTT (5 mg/ml) solution was added to the wells (10 µl/well) and incubated at 37°C for 4 h. The culture medium was then replaced with DMSO (100 µl/well) to dissolve the purple formazan and a microplate reader (BioTek Instruments, Inc.) was used to measure the absorbance at 490 nm.
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