AlphaLISA SureFire Ultra kits were used to measure ERK phosphorylation on residues T202/Y204, CREB phosphorylation on S133, and Akt phosphorylation on S473. Assays were performed in accordance with previous literature.41 Stimulation durations for concentration–response experiments were 10 min in all instances, otherwise the protocol remained unchanged. For Akt phosphorylation, 50% FBS, and 200 nU insulin were used as positive controls.
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