Participant recruitment

At each participating facility, interviews were conducted with patients and providers. A random subset of adults visiting each participating facility for an ART refill (stratified to ensure inclusion of both male and female respondents) were approached and briefed about the study; only those who had been on ART for at least 12 months were eligible to participate. Eligible providers were those who routinely provide HIV care at the participating health facilities; sampling aimed to recruit diversity across cadres. All prospective participants had the opportunity to ask questions and provided oral assent before the interview began. The sample size was calculated based on available resources: a minimum of 10–12 patients at each facility, and up to 3 health workers per facility.