The LIVE/DEAD viability/cytotoxicity assay (Life Technologies, Cat No L3224) was used to evaluate the toxicity of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein to hBMVECs. Briefly, hBMVECs were seeded on a sterile 96-well plate at 1 × 104 cells per well and grown to confluency. Confluent cells were treated with 10 nM SARS-CoV subunit S1, SARS-CoV-2 subunit S2 or SARS-CoV-2 RBD for 48 h. 200 μL of 1 μM calcein-AM and 5 μM ethidium homodimer-1 were added to each well and incubated for 30 min at room temperature. Data was acquired at excitation and emission wavelengths of 495/515 nm for live cells and 528/617 nm for dead cells and normalized to the total number of cells.
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