Gingiva tissue culture was performed to represent an ex vivo situation.
Gingiva tissue from extracted teeth was cut into pieces of approximately 1 mm3 diameter to match the diameter of three GC spheroids. Tissue pieces were seeded onto 1 cm2 of a collagen membrane (Geistlich Bio‐Gide®; Geistlich Pharma AG) or bone substitute (Geistlich Bio‐Oss®; Geistlich Pharma AG) covering 1 cm2 of plastic. Gingiva ex vivo tissues were cultured for 24 h on each surface.
Tissue pieces of gingiva from four different donors were used for histological and immunohistochemical analysis (n = 4), and tissue pieces of gingiva from six different donors were used for metabolic activity, mRNA level and protein analysis (n = 6).
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