The microstructure of milk powders was analyzed using a Quanta 200 scanning microscope (FEI Company, Eindhoven, the Netherlands). Powder samples were stuck with a carbon tape to stands, placed in a microscope chamber, and immediately frozen using a Peltier module at a temperature of − 18 °C. Observations were carried out at an accelerating voltage of 30 kV. A series of photographs were taken at magnifications of 400, 800, and 1600× for all samples of milk powders at randomly selected sites of the specimens. The goal was to obtain a high number of images of the particles of the analyzed milk powders to be used for successive image analysis.
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