Extraction and assay of PAL were carried out according to Solecka and Kacperska (2003) using fresh root tissues from healthy and infested treated plants. PAL activity was determined by measuring the absorbance at 290 nm and expressed as EU/mg root fresh weight/h (one unit of enzyme activity equals the amount of PAL that produced 1 μM of trans-cinnamic acid in 1 h).
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