ATP levels in mitochondria were detected using an ATP Assay Kit (Beyotime, #S0027, China) according to the manufactures' instructions. 100 μL ATP working reagent was added to a 96-well plate and put at room temperature for 5 min and then added with 20 μL of purified mitochondria per-well. The ATP levels were tested using a Multi-mode reader (BioTek) and calculated according to the standard ATP curve.
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