Patients

In this retrospective study, we analyzed the data of patients who underwent radical nephrectomy with removal of a level IV TT through an abdominal incision using a transdiaphragmatic approach from April 2015 to January 2018. Sternotomy, CBP, and DHCA were not utilized in these patients.

All patients underwent preoperative computed tomography or magnetic resonance imaging. All clinical information, including the patient demographics, operative variables, and postoperative outcomes, were retrospectively reviewed. Complications occurring intraoperatively or within 90 days postoperatively were recorded. The clinical and radiological follow-up protocol consisted of quarterly follow-up for the first 2 years postoperatively, semiannual follow-up for an additional 2 years, and annual follow-up thereafter.