Anonymized pathological waste TMJ tissues were obtained from Boston University Medical Center, Boston, MA, through IRB approval (H33300). The exclusion criteria included a history of any rheumatic disease or cancer. The samples were selected based on clinical features such as TMJ pain and joint mobility and then confirmed as TMJ-OA by pathological diagnostic findings from TMJ tissue sections at the Department of Pathology, Boston University.
These freshly isolated TMJ condylar cartilage tissues were divided into 2 parts: (1) for preparation of fixed and stained sections for histological characterization or (2) for preparation of biopsy punches (4-mm3) for nude mice implant studies, starting from the superficial layer and extending towards proteoglycan layer in order to maintain uniformity in the implant size and shape as described below.
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