2.7. Western Blot Analysis

The procedures of protein extraction and Western blotting were performed as previously described [26]. Specific primary antibodies used in this study included those against p53, p-p53, p21, p-Rb, PCNA, CDK2, CDK4, cyclin A, cyclin B1, cyclin D1, FAS, Caspase-8, Bax, Caspase-9, Caspase-3, MMP2, and MMP9 (Santa Cruz, CA, USA); β-actin (iReal Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Hsinchu, Taiwan). The antigen–antibody complexes were detected by a chemiluminescence imaging analyzer (GE LAS-4000, GE Healthcare Life Sciences, NJ, USA), and the signal intensity of each band was determined by using ImageJ software 1.47t (National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA).